codecs — String Encoding and Decoding¶

from codecs_to_hex import to_hex

import codecs
import sys

encoding = sys.argv[1]
filename = encoding + '.txt'

print('Writing to', filename)
with codecs.open(filename, mode='w', encoding=encoding) as f:
    f.write('français')

# Determine the byte grouping to use for to_hex()
nbytes = {
    'utf-8': 1,
    'utf-16': 2,
    'utf-32': 4,
}.get(encoding, 1)

# Show the raw bytes in the file
print('File contents:')
with open(filename, mode='rb') as f:
    print(to_hex(f.read(), nbytes))

import codecs
import sys

encoding = sys.argv[1]
filename = encoding + '.txt'

print('Reading from', filename)
with codecs.open(filename, mode='r', encoding=encoding) as f:
    print(repr(f.read()))

import codecs
from codecs_to_hex import to_hex

BOM_TYPES = [
    'BOM', 'BOM_BE', 'BOM_LE',
    'BOM_UTF8',
    'BOM_UTF16', 'BOM_UTF16_BE', 'BOM_UTF16_LE',
    'BOM_UTF32', 'BOM_UTF32_BE', 'BOM_UTF32_LE',
]

for name in BOM_TYPES:
    print('{:12} : {}'.format(
        name, to_hex(getattr(codecs, name), 2)))

import codecs
from codecs_to_hex import to_hex

# Pick the nonnative version of UTF-16 encoding
if codecs.BOM_UTF16 == codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE:
    bom = codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE
    encoding = 'utf_16_le'
else:
    bom = codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE
    encoding = 'utf_16_be'

print('Native order  :', to_hex(codecs.BOM_UTF16, 2))
print('Selected order:', to_hex(bom, 2))

# Encode the text.
encoded_text = 'français'.encode(encoding)
print('{:14}: {}'.format(encoding, to_hex(encoded_text, 2)))

with open('nonnative-encoded.txt', mode='wb') as f:
    # Write the selected byte-order marker.  It is not included
    # in the encoded text because the byte order was given
    # explicitly when selecting the encoding.
    f.write(bom)
    # Write the byte string for the encoded text.
    f.write(encoded_text)

import codecs
from codecs_to_hex import to_hex

# Look at the raw data
with open('nonnative-encoded.txt', mode='rb') as f:
    raw_bytes = f.read()

print('Raw    :', to_hex(raw_bytes, 2))

# Re-open the file and let codecs detect the BOM
with codecs.open('nonnative-encoded.txt',
                 mode='r',
                 encoding='utf-16',
                 ) as f:
    decoded_text = f.read()

print('Decoded:', repr(decoded_text))

from codecs_to_hex import to_hex

import codecs
import io

# Raw version of the original data.
data = 'français'

# Manually encode it as UTF-8.
utf8 = data.encode('utf-8')
print('Start as UTF-8   :', to_hex(utf8, 1))

# Set up an output buffer, then wrap it as an EncodedFile.
output = io.BytesIO()
encoded_file = codecs.EncodedFile(output, data_encoding='utf-8',
                                  file_encoding='utf-16')
encoded_file.write(utf8)

# Fetch the buffer contents as a UTF-16 encoded byte string
utf16 = output.getvalue()
print('Encoded to UTF-16:', to_hex(utf16, 2))

# Set up another buffer with the UTF-16 data for reading,
# and wrap it with another EncodedFile.
buffer = io.BytesIO(utf16)
encoded_file = codecs.EncodedFile(buffer, data_encoding='utf-8',
                                  file_encoding='utf-16')

# Read the UTF-8 encoded version of the data.
recoded = encoded_file.read()
print('Back to UTF-8    :', to_hex(recoded, 1))

import codecs
import io

buffer = io.StringIO()
stream = codecs.getwriter('rot_13')(buffer)

text = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

stream.write(text)
stream.flush()

print('Original:', text)
print('ROT-13  :', buffer.getvalue())

import codecs
import io

from codecs_to_hex import to_hex

buffer = io.BytesIO()
stream = codecs.getwriter('zlib')(buffer)

text = b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\n' * 50

stream.write(text)
stream.flush()

print('Original length :', len(text))
compressed_data = buffer.getvalue()
print('ZIP compressed  :', len(compressed_data))

buffer = io.BytesIO(compressed_data)
stream = codecs.getreader('zlib')(buffer)

first_line = stream.readline()
print('Read first line :', repr(first_line))

uncompressed_data = first_line + stream.read()
print('Uncompressed    :', len(uncompressed_data))
print('Same            :', text == uncompressed_data)

import codecs
import sys

from codecs_to_hex import to_hex

text = b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\n'
repetitions = 50

print('Text length :', len(text))
print('Repetitions :', repetitions)
print('Expected len:', len(text) * repetitions)

# Encode the text several times to build up a
# large amount of data
encoder = codecs.getincrementalencoder('bz2')()
encoded = []

print()
print('Encoding:', end=' ')
last = repetitions - 1
for i in range(repetitions):
    en_c = encoder.encode(text, final=(i == last))
    if en_c:
        print('\nEncoded : {} bytes'.format(len(en_c)))
        encoded.append(en_c)
    else:
        sys.stdout.write('.')

all_encoded = b''.join(encoded)
print()
print('Total encoded length:', len(all_encoded))
print()

# Decode the byte string one byte at a time
decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder('bz2')()
decoded = []

print('Decoding:', end=' ')
for i, b in enumerate(all_encoded):
    final = (i + 1) == len(text)
    c = decoder.decode(bytes([b]), final)
    if c:
        print('\nDecoded : {} characters'.format(len(c)))
        print('Decoding:', end=' ')
        decoded.append(c)
    else:
        sys.stdout.write('.')
print()

restored = b''.join(decoded)

print()
print('Total uncompressed length:', len(restored))

import sys
import socketserver


class Echo(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):

    def handle(self):
        # Get some bytes and echo them back to the client.
        data = self.request.recv(1024)
        self.request.send(data)
        return


if __name__ == '__main__':
    import codecs
    import socket
    import threading

    address = ('localhost', 0)  # let the kernel assign a port
    server = socketserver.TCPServer(address, Echo)
    ip, port = server.server_address  # what port was assigned?

    t = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever)
    t.setDaemon(True)  # don't hang on exit
    t.start()

    # Connect to the server
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    s.connect((ip, port))

    # Send the data
    # WRONG: Not encoded first!
    text = 'français'
    len_sent = s.send(text)

    # Receive a response
    response = s.recv(len_sent)
    print(repr(response))

    # Clean up
    s.close()
    server.socket.close()

import sys
import socketserver


class Echo(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):

    def handle(self):
        """Get some bytes and echo them back to the client.

        There is no need to decode them, since they are not used.

        """
        data = self.request.recv(1024)
        self.request.send(data)


class PassThrough:

    def __init__(self, other):
        self.other = other

    def write(self, data):
        print('Writing :', repr(data))
        return self.other.write(data)

    def read(self, size=-1):
        print('Reading :', end=' ')
        data = self.other.read(size)
        print(repr(data))
        return data

    def flush(self):
        return self.other.flush()

    def close(self):
        return self.other.close()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    import codecs
    import socket
    import threading

    address = ('localhost', 0)  # let the kernel assign a port
    server = socketserver.TCPServer(address, Echo)
    ip, port = server.server_address  # what port was assigned?

    t = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever)
    t.setDaemon(True)  # don't hang on exit
    t.start()

    # Connect to the server
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    s.connect((ip, port))

    # Wrap the socket with a reader and writer.
    read_file = s.makefile('rb')
    incoming = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(PassThrough(read_file))
    write_file = s.makefile('wb')
    outgoing = codecs.getwriter('utf-8')(PassThrough(write_file))

    # Send the data
    text = 'français'
    print('Sending :', repr(text))
    outgoing.write(text)
    outgoing.flush()

    # Receive a response
    response = incoming.read()
    print('Received:', repr(response))

    # Clean up
    s.close()
    server.socket.close()

import string


def invertcaps(text):
    """Return new string with the case of all letters switched.
    """
    return ''.join(
        c.upper() if c in string.ascii_lowercase
        else c.lower() if c in string.ascii_uppercase
        else c
        for c in text
    )


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(invertcaps('ABCdef'))
    print(invertcaps('abcDEF'))

import codecs
import string

# Map every character to itself
decoding_map = codecs.make_identity_dict(range(256))

# Make a list of pairs of ordinal values for the lower
# and uppercase letters
pairs = list(zip(
    [ord(c) for c in string.ascii_lowercase],
    [ord(c) for c in string.ascii_uppercase],
))

# Modify the mapping to convert upper to lower and
# lower to upper.
decoding_map.update({
    upper: lower
    for (lower, upper)
    in pairs
})
decoding_map.update({
    lower: upper
    for (lower, upper)
    in pairs
})

# Create a separate encoding map.
encoding_map = codecs.make_encoding_map(decoding_map)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(codecs.charmap_encode('abcDEF', 'strict',
                                encoding_map))
    print(codecs.charmap_decode(b'abcDEF', 'strict',
                                decoding_map))
    print(encoding_map == decoding_map)

import codecs
from codecs_invertcaps_charmap import encoding_map

text = 'pi: \u03c0'

for error in ['ignore', 'replace', 'strict']:
    try:
        encoded = codecs.charmap_encode(
            text, error, encoding_map)
    except UnicodeEncodeError as err:
        encoded = str(err)
    print('{:7}: {}'.format(error, encoded))

import codecs
import encodings


def search1(encoding):
    print('search1: Searching for:', encoding)
    return None


def search2(encoding):
    print('search2: Searching for:', encoding)
    return None


codecs.register(search1)
codecs.register(search2)

utf8 = codecs.lookup('utf-8')
print('UTF-8:', utf8)

try:
    unknown = codecs.lookup('no-such-encoding')
except LookupError as err:
    print('ERROR:', err)

import codecs

from codecs_invertcaps_charmap import encoding_map, decoding_map


class InvertCapsCodec(codecs.Codec):
    "Stateless encoder/decoder"

    def encode(self, input, errors='strict'):
        return codecs.charmap_encode(input, errors, encoding_map)

    def decode(self, input, errors='strict'):
        return codecs.charmap_decode(input, errors, decoding_map)


class InvertCapsIncrementalEncoder(codecs.IncrementalEncoder):
    def encode(self, input, final=False):
        data, nbytes = codecs.charmap_encode(input,
                                             self.errors,
                                             encoding_map)
        return data


class InvertCapsIncrementalDecoder(codecs.IncrementalDecoder):
    def decode(self, input, final=False):
        data, nbytes = codecs.charmap_decode(input,
                                             self.errors,
                                             decoding_map)
        return data


class InvertCapsStreamReader(InvertCapsCodec,
                             codecs.StreamReader):
    pass


class InvertCapsStreamWriter(InvertCapsCodec,
                             codecs.StreamWriter):
    pass


def find_invertcaps(encoding):
    """Return the codec for 'invertcaps'.
    """
    if encoding == 'invertcaps':
        return codecs.CodecInfo(
            name='invertcaps',
            encode=InvertCapsCodec().encode,
            decode=InvertCapsCodec().decode,
            incrementalencoder=InvertCapsIncrementalEncoder,
            incrementaldecoder=InvertCapsIncrementalDecoder,
            streamreader=InvertCapsStreamReader,
            streamwriter=InvertCapsStreamWriter,
        )
    return None


codecs.register(find_invertcaps)

if __name__ == '__main__':

    # Stateless encoder/decoder
    encoder = codecs.getencoder('invertcaps')
    text = 'abcDEF'
    encoded_text, consumed = encoder(text)
    print('Encoded "{}" to "{}", consuming {} characters'.format(
        text, encoded_text, consumed))

    # Stream writer
    import io
    buffer = io.BytesIO()
    writer = codecs.getwriter('invertcaps')(buffer)
    print('StreamWriter for io buffer: ')
    print('  writing "abcDEF"')
    writer.write('abcDEF')
    print('  buffer contents: ', buffer.getvalue())

    # Incremental decoder
    decoder_factory = codecs.getincrementaldecoder('invertcaps')
    decoder = decoder_factory()
    decoded_text_parts = []
    for c in encoded_text:
        decoded_text_parts.append(
            decoder.decode(bytes([c]), final=False)
        )
    decoded_text_parts.append(decoder.decode(b'', final=True))
    decoded_text = ''.join(decoded_text_parts)
    print('IncrementalDecoder converted {!r} to {!r}'.format(
        encoded_text, decoded_text))