Cookie – HTTP Cookies¶
| Purpose: | The Cookie module defines classes for parsing and creating HTTP cookie headers. |
|---|---|
| Available In: | 2.1 and later |
Cookies have been a part of the HTTP protocol for a long time. All of the modern web development frameworks provide easy access to cookies so a programmer almost never has to worry about how to format them or make sure the headers are sent properly. It can be instructive to understand how cookies work, though, and the options they support.
The Cookie module implements a parser for cookies that is mostly RFC 2109 compliant. It is a little less strict than the standard because MSIE 3.0x does not support the entire standard.
Creating and Setting a Cookie¶
Cookies are used as state management, and as such as usually set by the server to be stored and returned by the client. The most trivial example of creating a cookie looks something like:
import Cookie
c = Cookie.SimpleCookie()
c['mycookie'] = 'cookie_value'
print c
The output is a valid Set-Cookie header ready to be passed to the client as part of the HTTP response:
$ python Cookie_setheaders.py
Set-Cookie: mycookie=cookie_value
Morsels¶
It is also possible to control the other aspects of a cookie, such as the expiration, path, and domain. In fact, all of the RFC attributes for cookies can be managed through the Morsel object representing the cookie value.
import Cookie
import datetime
def show_cookie(c):
print c
for key, morsel in c.iteritems():
print
print 'key =', morsel.key
print ' value =', morsel.value
print ' coded_value =', morsel.coded_value
for name in morsel.keys():
if morsel[name]:
print ' %s = %s' % (name, morsel[name])
c = Cookie.SimpleCookie()
# A cookie with a value that has to be encoded to fit into the header
c['encoded_value_cookie'] = '"cookie_value"'
c['encoded_value_cookie']['comment'] = 'Notice that this cookie value has escaped quotes'
# A cookie that only applies to part of a site
c['restricted_cookie'] = 'cookie_value'
c['restricted_cookie']['path'] = '/sub/path'
c['restricted_cookie']['domain'] = 'PyMOTW'
c['restricted_cookie']['secure'] = True
# A cookie that expires in 5 minutes
c['with_max_age'] = 'expires in 5 minutes'
c['with_max_age']['max-age'] = 300 # seconds
# A cookie that expires at a specific time
c['expires_at_time'] = 'cookie_value'
expires = datetime.datetime(2009, 2, 14, 18, 30, 14) + datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
c['expires_at_time']['expires'] = expires.strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S') # Wdy, DD-Mon-YY HH:MM:SS GMT
show_cookie(c)
The above example includes two different methods for setting stored cookies that expire. You can set max-age to a number of seconds, or expires to a date and time when the cookie should be discarded.
$ python Cookie_Morsel.py
Set-Cookie: encoded_value_cookie="\"cookie_value\""; Comment=Notice that this cookie value has escaped quotes
Set-Cookie: expires_at_time=cookie_value; expires=Sat, 14 Feb 2009 19:30:14
Set-Cookie: restricted_cookie=cookie_value; Domain=PyMOTW; Path=/sub/path; secure
Set-Cookie: with_max_age="expires in 5 minutes"; Max-Age=300
key = restricted_cookie
value = cookie_value
coded_value = cookie_value
domain = PyMOTW
secure = True
path = /sub/path
key = with_max_age
value = expires in 5 minutes
coded_value = "expires in 5 minutes"
max-age = 300
key = encoded_value_cookie
value = "cookie_value"
coded_value = "\"cookie_value\""
comment = Notice that this cookie value has escaped quotes
key = expires_at_time
value = cookie_value
coded_value = cookie_value
expires = Sat, 14 Feb 2009 19:30:14
Both the Cookie and Morsel objects act like dictionaries. The Morsel responds to a fixed set of keys:
- expires
- path
- comment
- domain
- max-age
- secure
- version
The keys for the Cookie instance are the names of the individual cookies being stored. That information is also available from the key attribute of the Morsel.
Encoded Values¶
The cookie header may require values to be encoded so they can be parsed properly.
import Cookie
c = Cookie.SimpleCookie()
c['integer'] = 5
c['string_with_quotes'] = 'He said, "Hello, World!"'
for name in ['integer', 'string_with_quotes']:
print c[name].key
print ' %s' % c[name]
print ' value=%s' % c[name].value, type(c[name].value)
print ' coded_value=%s' % c[name].coded_value
print
The Morsel.value is always the decoded value of the cookie, while Morsel.coded_value is always the representation to be used for transmitting the value to the client. Both values are always strings. Values saved to a cookie that are not strings are converted automatically.
$ python Cookie_coded_value.py
integer
Set-Cookie: integer=5
value=5 <type 'str'>
coded_value=5
string_with_quotes
Set-Cookie: string_with_quotes="He said\054 \"Hello\054 World!\""
value=He said, "Hello, World!" <type 'str'>
coded_value="He said\054 \"Hello\054 World!\""
Receiving and Parsing Cookie Headers¶
Once the Set-Cookie headers are received by the client, it will return those cookies to the server on subsequent requests using the Cookie header. The incoming header will look like:
Cookie: integer=5; string_with_quotes="He said, \"Hello, World!\""
Depending on your web server and framework, the cookies are either available directly from the headers or the HTTP_COOKIE environment variable. To decode them, pass the string without the header prefix to the SimpleCookie when instantiating it, or use the load() method.
import Cookie
HTTP_COOKIE = r'integer=5; string_with_quotes="He said, \"Hello, World!\""'
print 'From constructor:'
c = Cookie.SimpleCookie(HTTP_COOKIE)
print c
print
print 'From load():'
c = Cookie.SimpleCookie()
c.load(HTTP_COOKIE)
print c
$ python Cookie_parse.py
From constructor:
Set-Cookie: integer=5
Set-Cookie: string_with_quotes="He said, \"Hello, World!\""
From load():
Set-Cookie: integer=5
Set-Cookie: string_with_quotes="He said, \"Hello, World!\""
Alternative Output Formats¶
Besides using the Set-Cookie header, it is possible to use JavaScript to add cookies to a client. SimpleCookie and Morsel provide JavaScript output via the js_output() method.
import Cookie
c = Cookie.SimpleCookie()
c['mycookie'] = 'cookie_value'
c['another_cookie'] = 'second value'
print c.js_output()
$ python Cookie_js_output.py
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- begin hiding
document.cookie = "another_cookie=\"second value\"";
// end hiding -->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- begin hiding
document.cookie = "mycookie=cookie_value";
// end hiding -->
</script>
Deprecated Classes¶
All of these examples have used SimpleCookie. The Cookie module also provides 2 other classes, SerialCookie and SmartCookie. SerialCookie can handle any values that can be pickled. SmartCookie figures out whether a value needs to be unpickled or if it is a simple value. Since both of these classes use pickles, they are potential security holes in your application and you should not use them. It is safer to store state on the server, and give the client a session key instead.
