webbrowser — Displays web pages

Purpose:Use the webbrowser module to display web pages to your users.

The webbrowser module includes functions to open URLs in interactive browser applications. The module includes a registry of available browsers, in case multiple options are available on the system. It can also be controlled with the BROWSER environment variable.

Simple Example

To open a page in the browser, use the open() function.

webbrowser_open.py
import webbrowser

webbrowser.open(
    'https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html'
)

The URL is opened in a browser window, and that window is raised to the top of the window stack. The documentation says that an existing window will be reused, if possible, but the actual behavior may depend on your browser’s settings. Using Firefox on Mac OS X, a new window was always created.

Windows vs. Tabs

If you always want a new window used, use open_new().

webbrowser_open_new.py
import webbrowser

webbrowser.open_new(
    'https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html'
)

If you would rather create a new tab, use open_new_tab() instead.

Using a specific browser

If for some reason your application needs to use a specific browser, you can access the set of registered browser controllers using the get() function. The browser controller has methods to open(), open_new(), and open_new_tab(). This example forces the use of the lynx browser:

webbrowser_get.py
import webbrowser

b = webbrowser.get('lynx')
b.open('https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html')

Refer to the module documentation for a list of available browser types.

BROWSER variable

Users can control the module from outside your application by setting the environment variable BROWSER to the browser names or commands to try. The value should consist of a series of browser names separated by os.pathsep. If the name includes %s, the name is interpreted as a literal command and executed directly with the %s replaced by the URL. Otherwise, the name is passed to get() to obtain a controller object from the registry.

For example, this command opens the web page in lynx, assuming it is available, no matter what other browsers are registered.

$ BROWSER=lynx python3 webbrowser_open.py

If none of the names in BROWSER work, webbrowser falls back to its default behavior.

Command Line Interface

All of the features of the webbrowser module are available via the command line as well as from within your Python program.

$ python3 -m webbrowser

Usage: .../lib/python3.7/webbrowser.py [-n | -t] url
    -n: open new window
    -t: open new tab

See also